The paranormal is defined as unexplained phenomena. It is contrasted with the normal, which is based on scientific explanations of the world around us. For example, ghosts are considered to be part of the paranormal since they cannot be explained through normal means like a creaking door or electrical surge.
Psychologists are interested in paranormal beliefs because they can contribute to mental health problems. For instance, believing in paranormal forces can cause delusions or the perception of control over events that have no real influence on our lives. This can lead to the attribution of supernatural causes for problems like depression or anxiety, such as a sense that they are caused by evil spirits. It can also result in the development of psychopathological conditions such as schizotypy or hallucinations.
Researchers use a variety of methods to assess paranormal beliefs. For instance, some studies ask participants to rate how often they have experienced a certain psychic phenomenon such as precognition. Others use a self-report scale where participants indicate how often they have personally experienced different types of paranormal experiences, with the options being “never,” “on one occasion,” “between two and five” or “more than five.”
Researchers also examine the relationship between paranormal beliefs and cognitive function. For instance, they test whether paranormal belief correlates with memory or executive functions. Results have been mixed. Some research indicates that paranormal believers are more prone to reality testing deficits, while other research suggests there is no link between these factors and paranormal belief.